Eardrum Perforation: Causes, Symptoms and Management

A hole or perforation in the eardrum (tympanic membrane) is a common condition that can affect both children and adults. The eardrum plays a vital role in hearing by transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear. A perforation can interfere with this process, causing various symptoms.

Causes:

Middle ear infections (otitis media) are the most common cause, leading to fluid build-up and pressure that may rupture the eardrum.
Injury or trauma, such as inserting objects into the ear, loud noises, or sudden pressure changes (e.g., during flights).
Chronic ear infections or sinus problems can also contribute to eardrum damage.

Symptoms:

Hearing loss is often the first sign, which may range from mild to moderate.
Ear pain or discomfort, especially if the perforation is recent.
Discharge from the ear, which may be clear or contain pus, particularly if there's an infection.
Tinnitus (ringing in the ear) or a feeling of fullness in the ear.

Management and Treatment:

Most small perforations heal on their own within a few weeks without the need for surgery.
Antibiotic drops may be prescribed if there’s an infection.
Ear protection is crucial to avoid water or infection entering the ear during healing.

When to See an ENT Specialist: If symptoms persist beyond a few weeks, if there is significant hearing loss, or if the perforation results from trauma, it’s important to see an ENT consultant. In some cases, surgery (like a myringoplasty) may be needed to repair the eardrum and restore hearing. Early intervention helps prevent further complications such as recurring infections or permanent hearing loss.